情感异化与刑事对话(二)

V. 损害赔偿A. Hutelmyer v. Cox, 133 N.C. App. 364, 514 S.E.2d 554 (1999)

一位前妻起诉前夫的新婚妻子疏远感情和犯罪谈话. 陪审团判给赔偿金50万美元和惩罚性赔偿金50万美元.

原告和她的丈夫于1978年结婚,并与三个孩子一起生活到1996年, 然后她丈夫离开去和被告同居了. 原告出示了他们真实婚姻关系的证据, 包括他们有过积极的性关系, 一起度假, 她和他一起出差, 他们一起指导孩子的足球队,一起在教堂和社区组织做志愿者. 原告的丈夫经常通过写浪漫的诗来表达对她的爱, 其中包括1981年的一首名为《皇冠足彩》的诗及其续集, “我为什么爱你。, II”,1990年. 1992年的情人节,他为她录制了一系列情歌. The

上诉法院同意证据倾向于表明1993年以前, 这对夫妇有一个“童话般的婚姻”.上诉判决全文转载了《皇冠足彩网》这首诗.

法庭详细地讨论了被告的行为. 她从1986年开始担任丈夫的秘书. 1992年,她与丈夫分居,并公开与丈夫调情. 她还改变了自己的外貌,剪了头发,染了头发,开始穿短裙, 低胸衫, 穿紧身的衣服去办公室. 她开始陪同丈夫出差. 有证据表明,丈夫和被告在工作场所炫耀彼此的熟识. 被告声称,丈夫告诉她,他已经从婚后的家搬到了一套公寓, but the appellate court agreed that the love and affection between the plaintiff and her husband was alienated and destroyed by the defendant's conduct, 理由是她公然调情, 花时间和他独处, 和他一起工作到很晚,一起旅行, 以及他们的性关系.

有证据表明,原告在丈夫离开后身体不适,补偿性损害赔偿是合理的. 她患有失眠症,体重减轻了20磅,并寻求心理咨询.

Punitive damages for alienation of affection were justified by the defendant's public display of the intimate nature of her relationship with the husband. 两人在工作场所牵手, 被告经常在办公室社交聚会上整理丈夫的领带并喝他杯子里的水. 大多数同事都知道这件事. 被告也欢迎丈夫随时到她家中, 并“大胆到”在感恩节那天打电话到原告家,试图找到丈夫的下落. Punitive damages for criminal conversation were justified by the fact that the defendant engaged in a sexual relationship with the plaintiff's husband for several years. 法院还指出了支持惩罚性赔偿的几个一般因素:行为的可谴责性, 严重伤害的可能性, 被告对其行为后果的意识程度, 行为的持续时间, 以及原告所遭受的实际损失.

B. Ward v. Beaton, 141 N.C. App. 44, 539 S.E.2d 30 (2000)

上诉法院维持了赔偿5.2万美元和惩罚性损害赔偿4.3万美元的判决. The plaintiff's husband worked in a county sheriff's department and first met the defendant in early 1998 when he responded to several domestic disturbance reports at her home. 几个月后,被告开始邀请原告的丈夫到她家做客. 在许多场合, 她在工作中和他联系过一次, 她来到警察局要求和原告的丈夫谈话. 他们在一起的时间越来越多,原告的丈夫于1998年7月搬进了被告的家, 他在那里待了大约两周. 在此期间,被告和原告的丈夫发生了性关系.

被告争辩说,证据不足以支持判给惩罚性损害赔偿. But the court noted that evidence of sexual relations will allow the issue of punitive damages in an alienation of affection case to go to the jury. 法院还评论了其他加重惩罚性赔偿的情况, 包括被告出现在原告家中的事实, 问他们能否成为朋友. The court rejected the defendant's argument that the trial court erred in admitting evidence of her assets before the jury determined that compensatory damages were warranted. 因为她没有要求在惩罚性损害赔偿问题上分两次审理, 有关她财产的证据被采纳为原告案件的一部分.

C. Oddo v. Presser, 358 N.C. 128, 592 S.E.2d 195 (2004)

原告获得了91万美元的赔偿金和50万美元的惩罚性损害赔偿金. 上诉法院将此案发回重审,重新审理补偿性损害赔偿问题, but the North Carolina Supreme Court reversed on that issue (and upheld the Court of Appeals decision as to the punitive damage award).

原告和他的妻子于1988年结婚. 1999年2月,妻子对这段婚姻感到不满,并联系了前男友. 两人在1999年3月期间见过几次面,通过电话和电子邮件交流. 第二个月,原告和妻子分居了. The plaintiff suffered such mental anguish that he lost his primary job as an investment advisor and his secondary job as a wrestling coach at Davidson College.

法院认为惩罚性损害赔偿裁决并不过分, 因为原告提出了加重情节的证据. Evidence of sexual relations allows a plaintiff to get to the jury on the issue of punitive damages and the amount of the award was upheld because it was substantially less than the compensatory damages award (and thus far under the cap of three times compensatory damages).

论补偿性损害赔偿, 其中一个问题与原告作为投资顾问的收入损失有关. 被告辩称,所声称的未来收入过于投机, 基于未来佣金的不确定性, 金融市场的增长/衰退, etc. 但法院发现,虽然这些损害赔偿可能不太确定, 专家的证词足以支持裁决. The defendant also argued that most men in the plaintiff's shoes would not have lost their jobs due to mental distress and depression, 但这是留给陪审团的问题.

另一个主要的补偿性损害赔偿问题与原告通过其第二份工作获得的利益有关. 他的兼职是戴维森大学的摔跤教练,这让他可以享受戴维森大学的学费福利计划. 这所大学为一名员工的孩子支付了80%的学费, 如果孩子就读于戴维森以外的学校,则为70%. The plaintiff's expert (an economics professor from UNC-皇冠足彩网) used a benchmark rate of inflation to calculate the probable cost of tuition at Davidson through the period of time the plaintiff's children would likely attend college (at the time of trial, 他们十岁, seven, 三岁). 法院认为证据不具有过度的推测性, because the youngest was at least three and other appellate decisions have upheld damages awards for lost earning capacity for children less than three. Also, 尽管原告没有提供证据证明学费计划将在未来继续存在, 目前,它向所有员工保证,没有证据表明它将不复存在.

D. 沙克尔福德v. Lundquist, 233 N.C. App. 787, 759 S.E.2d 711(2014)(未发表)

陪审团判给500万美元的赔偿金和400万美元的惩罚性损害赔偿金. 原告和她丈夫于1972年结婚. 2004年,被告和丈夫开始有婚外情. The plaintiff alleged that the defendant (who was then the dean at a local college) began and continued a course and pattern of conduct that interfered with the loving marital relationship. 这段恋情持续了好几年. 被告在审判时住在纽约,没有出庭,也没有律师在场. Most of the issues on appeal were on around the defendant's argument that the trial court had erred when it denied her emergency motion for a continuance. 上诉法院驳回了她的论点, 因为她没有做太多(如果有的话)来维护自己的权利. 她给办事员寄了几封信, 说她没有律师,也请不起律师. 但她的回复和请求都是在截止日期之后提出的,她没有遵守当地的规定. 如果她不知道审判日期,她就没有像一个谨慎的人那样关注诉讼, 那是因为她自己不够勤奋.

E. Hayes v. Waltz, 246 N.C. App. 438, 784 S.E.2d 607 (2016)

原告以感情转让为由提起诉讼, 是由被告与原告妻子的婚外情引起的. 陪审团裁定赔偿82,500元及惩罚性赔偿47,000元. 初审法官撤销了惩罚性损害赔偿裁决,双方都提出了上诉. 上诉法院推翻并重审了关于惩罚性损害赔偿的判决, ordering the trial judge to provide a written opinion setting forth the reasons why the evidence was insufficient to support the jury's verdict.

这对夫妇于2000年结婚. 他们有两个孩子,原告合法地收养了他妻子前妻所生的孩子. In 2006, 全家搬到了北卡罗来纳州, 妻子是拜耳公司的法律行政助理. 2011年2月, 她去坎昆参加一个工作会议,遇到了被告(也是拜耳公司的员工)。, 他住在印第安纳州. 两人在会议期间发生了两晚的性关系,然后回到北卡罗来纳州和印第安纳州的家中. 2011年3月至6月,其妻子与被告通信频繁. 他们在3月份交换了423条短信和电话, 四月977, 1,093 in May, 6月份为894人. 在这段时间里,他们一起打了超过26个小时的电话. 原告注意到账单上的电话费,于是打电话给被告(被告没有接电话), 但把电话通知了妻子). 妻子告诉原告不要再打这个号码了,并告诉他“他不会接的。.她还承认有过几次婚外情. The plaintiff then called the defendant from the wife's phone and the defendant admitted that he had had sex with the plaintiff's wife in Cancun and that he knew she was married. 原告叫被告离他妻子远点, 因为他们要试着解决问题. 原告去佛罗里达接孩子,趁他不在城里, the defendant drove from Indiana to North Carolina to pick up his own children and also picked up the wife and took her to Indiana, 他们在一起待了一周的地方.

在上诉中,被告辩称,这些性接触都不是在北卡罗来纳州发生的. But the court found that other intentional conduct that would have affected the marital relationship did occur in North Carolina: the voluminous number of 短信s and phone calls, 很多都发生在深夜或周末. 被告声称这些电话与工作有关, 还有一些话题的讨论,比如旅行和抚养孩子. But the fact that the defendant admitted that he chose not to answer the phone call from the plaintiff because he had an inkling it was from the plaintiff (and then immediately texted the wife to let her know her husband was trying to contact him) allowed the jury to find that the communications between the wife and defendant were not solely business related. Also, 在原告告诉被告离他妻子远点之后, 被告来到北卡罗来纳州并带她进行了为期六天的旅行. 这是在被告知离她远点不到一周之后. 妻子以前有过外遇, 但原告作证说,他们已经进行了心理咨询,并“向前看”,这段感情是不同的.

原告在精神上和经济上遭受的痛苦支持了补偿性损害赔偿. He lost the support of the wife's income and the marital home went into foreclosure because he could not pay the mortgage payment on his own. He also suffered emotionally from having his children no longer live with him full time and testified that friends and others in the community viewed and treated him differently.

The court held that the punitive damages award should not have been set aside without the trial court addressing specifically the evidence it found to be lacking on the issue of aggravating factors.

F. 罗德里格斯v. Lemus, 810 S.E.2d 1, 2 (N.C. Ct. App. 2018),审查部分被拒绝,部分被驳回,817 S.E.2d 201 (N.C. 2018)

判决维持65,000美元的赔偿. 原告和她的丈夫于2007年结婚. 被告是他们家的一位朋友,他参加了这对夫妇的婚礼,并与他们共度了时光. In 2011, 原告开始注意到婚姻似乎正在发生变化, 查了她丈夫的手机, 并发现他和被告经常联系(例如, 2012年初一个月接触120人). 丈夫和被告均否认有任何不当行为, 但原告发现了两家不同酒店的信用卡账单, 发生在她丈夫应该上班的时候. 她还了解到被告在其中一家酒店. 原告联系了酒店, 获得了一份账单副本, 她被告知她丈夫和一个身份不明的女人在那里. 2012年4月, 丈夫告诉原告,他们的关系已经结束,并搬出了婚姻的家. 不到三周后,原告生下了(她和她丈夫的第一个孩子). 丈夫开始与被告同居,被告于2013年10月生下一名孩子. The issue in this case was whether evidence of post-separation acts is admissible to support an inference of pre-separation acts constituting alienation of affection or criminal conversation. The court held that evidence of post-separation conduct may be used to corroborate evidence of pre-separation conduct and can support claims for alienation of affection and criminal conversation, 只要分离前行为的证据足以引起不只是猜测.

分手前的行为包括电话记录(一个月内120次通话), 都是丈夫不在家的时候), 她丈夫信用卡上的酒店账单, 从一家旅馆得到的消息说丈夫和一个女人住在那里, 以及被告和丈夫在社交媒体上发布的帖子. 皇冠足彩后的行为包括丈夫在2012年底或2013年初开始与被告生活在一起, 被告于2013年10月生下一名儿童,并以其丈夫的名字起名, 丈夫告诉原告,他们无法和解,因为他爱被告,而且她怀孕了, 被告承认她在分居后与丈夫发生了性关系. 法院认定该证据足以佐证分居前行为的证据, 并发现有理由推断被告是在酒店与丈夫在一起的女人.

情感异化与犯罪对话第1部分